Groundwater use

(Mains GS  : Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.)

Context:

• The Ministry of Water Resources recently made public a report titled the National Compilation on Dynamic Ground water Resources of India gives a snapshot of India’s groundwater situation.

Groundwater recharge:

• The total annual groundwater recharge (defined as the groundwater stored) for the entire country is 437.60 billion cubic metres (bcm) out of which the quantity extracted was 239.16 bcm.
• A similar assessment in 2020 found that the annual groundwater recharge was 436 bcm and extraction 245 bcm.
• The 2022 assessment suggests that groundwater extraction is the lowest since 2004, when it was 231 bcm.

Information collected:

• A detailed analysis of the information collected from the assessment indicates increase in ground water recharge which may mainly be attributed to increase in recharge from canal seepage, return flow of irrigation water and recharges from water bodies/tanks & water conservation structures.
• Further, analysis indicates improvement in ground water conditions in 909 assessment units in the country when compared with 2017 assessment data.
• In addition, overall decrease in the number of over-exploited units and decrease in the stage of groundwater extraction level have also been observed.

Marginal improvement:

• The report says that the improvement is only “marginal” and may be explained by natural conditions and changes in methodology that the Central Ground Water Board and States, which conduct the survey, adopt. 
• In fact, the number of groundwater blocks, or wells, used for estimation were more than those in previous years and it turns out that the percentage of blocks where groundwater was ‘critically’ low was around 14%, or roughly similar to that in previous years.

Situation across the regions:

• Regions with the most blocks with critical groundwater levels are in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, where, despite replenishable systems, indiscriminate groundwater withdrawal has depressed the water table.
•  Other endangered blocks are in Rajasthan and Gujarat, where due to an arid climate, groundwater recharge itself is limited, and finally, parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, where due to inherent characteristics of crystalline water-storing aquifers, groundwater availability is low. 
• There is no central law governing the use of groundwater and various States have their own laws on regulating its extraction that are deployed in a perfunctory manner, thus much more needs to be done to conserve groundwater is a foregone conclusion. 

Way forward:

• A draft National Water Policy is needed to shift in usage from water-guzzling crops and prioritising recycling over freshwater for industrial purposes. 
• Water ought not to be considered a free, private resource but one whose costs must be measured and borne equitably. 
• While water remains a politically contentious subject in India, the climate crisis should inspire consensus across the political spectrum on disincentivizing wasteful consumption of this precious resource.