National Digital Health Mission

Context

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the National Digital Health Mission, while addressing the nation from Delhi's iconic Red Fort on the occasion of India's 74^th Independence Day.Stating that the "completely technology-based" initiative would revolutionise the health sector, the Prime Minister explained that every Indian would get an ID card that would contain all relevant information about his/her medical conditions. This card could be used to access health services and medicines, he said.

What is a Health ID?

Every person in the country will get a digital health ID which is basically a digital format of all his/her health records which will be linked to the registry of doctors and health facilities across the country.The platform has been planned to improve efficiency, effectiveness and transparency of health service delivery. The health ID will be in the form of a mobile application of a website.

The government had sought feedback and suggestions from various stakeholders who will be a part of the initiative. The government has said that enrolment in the initiative will be voluntary.

Union health minister Harsh Vardhan, while launching the blueprint last year, had said that the government made a mark in history by launching Ayushman Bharat Yojana and other IT-enabled schemes like Reproductive Child Healthcare, and NIKSHAY etc.

The National Digital Health Mission (NDHM), which comes under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (ABPM-JAY), is expected to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of health services in the country, the government has said.

Under the scheme each patient will be given an ID card on which confidential medical data, such as prescriptions, diagnostic reports and discharge summaries, will be stored.
Patients will give their doctors, or health providers, one-time access to this data during visits to the hospital or for consultation. Amid fears over data confidentiality, the government said access to medical data will have to be given separately for each visit and that doctors could only access it for a limited time.

The NDHM will also allow patients to access health services remotely - through tele-consultation and e-pharmacies, as well as offer other health-related benefits.

To be led by the National Health Authority that is also the administrative authority for the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, the Rs 144 crore National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) will need all government health programmes, such as Ayushman Bharat and the tuberculosis programmes, to integrate with it and issue health IDs to beneficiaries.

While the health ID is not mandatory, the government is hoping that the feature will attract more users to it since it allows a person online access to all their health records right from birth. There will be an option of the ID being linked to Aadhaar but it will not be mandatory unless the person wants to avail of any government subsidy scheme.

Pilot project to start soon

According to its strategy document, the NDHM’s vision is: “To create a national digital health ecosystem that supports universal health coverage in an efficient, accessible, inclusive, affordable, timely and safe manner, that provides a wide-range of data, information and infrastructure services, duly leveraging open, interoperable, standards-based digital systems, and ensures the security, confidentiality and privacy of health-related personal information.”

In its first phase, the mission will pilot in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, Ladakh and Puducherry. According to the original schedule, this was supposed to have started before the prime minister’s announcement, but there is a slight delay now and officials are hoping to get it off the block by the end of August.

The strategy document that was approved some time back says: “Phase 2 will be taking forward the pilot in additional States and expand the service bouquet. Phase 3 will target nation-wide roll-out, operationalizing and converging with all health schemes across India along with promotion, on-boarding, and acceptance of NDHM across the country.”

Safety and privacy of health data

Theoretically, health data is generated every time a doctor writes a prescription, every time an individual self medicates and every time the person undergoes a diagnostic test. Most of this data currently either exists in cumbersome and poorly kept files by patients, is not recorded or simply lost. The mission will require doctors/hospitals to upload a digital copy of any health reports being physically shared with the patient to enable creation of longitudinal health records.

“NDHM will implement a federated health records exchange system that will enable patient data to be held at point of care or at the closest possible location to where it was created. Health records will be accessible and shareable by the patient with appropriate consent and complete control of the records will remain with the patient,” says the strategy document.

“An appropriate digital consent framework as per standards specified by NDHB (leveraging DigiLocker consent management framework to the extent possible) will be adopted for consent management,” it further outlines.

The document categorises health data into three distinct layers.

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) — This refers to systems that are used within a hospital or a clinic to support patient diagnosis and treatment and are transaction focused. NDHM requires these systems to be updated to support standards and provide access to patients’ data.

Electronic Health Records (EHR) — EHRs contain records for a patient across multiple doctors and providers and is used within a Healthcare system (like say across a state government) to provide better care for patients.

Personal Health Records (PHR) — PHRs enable patients to compile, update and keep a copy of their own records that can help them better manage their care and are person focussed.

It will not be possible to have access to digital health records without creation of a health ID.

Governance Structure

The mission will keep two separate arms, according to the National Digital Health blueprint. One arm will be for regulation and other for implementation and operational management. The Mission Steering Group, under the chairpersonship of the Union health minister, will oversee and guide the NDHM. Its members will include ministers of women and child development, social justice and empowerment, AYUSH and information technology, the principal scientific advisor, Member Health (NITI Aayog), secretaries of health, expenditure and information technology, the National Health Authority (NHA) CEO and others.

An Empowered Committee will be set up under the chairpersonship of the health secretary that will take necessary policy-level decisions, help the mission with coordination with different stakeholders and engagement with different ministries and departments to ensure their participation. Its members will include NITI Aayog CEO, Secretaries of Women and Child Development, Social Justice &Empowerment, MeitY, AYUSH, and expenditure as well as NHA CEO and Directors General of Health Services and the National Informatics Centre.

Scaling the Heights

Preliminary Examination

Consider the following statements regarding National Digital Health Mission (NDHM):

1. NDHM comes under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (ABPM-JAY).
2. The Health ID will be mandatory.

Which of the above statements is/ are correct ?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 both
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Main Examination

Discuss the significance of National Digital Health Mission in filling the gaps in our health sector.