Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)

• SMRs are compact, safe, and flexible nuclear reactors designed to generate up to 300 MW(e) of power per unit, much smaller than traditional reactors (700 MW(e) or more). 
• They are factory-built, modular reactors that can be easily transported and assembled at their installation site.

Key Features:

• Size & Capacity: Smaller and more suitable for remote locations and smaller grids.
• Modular Design: Built in factories and transported as pre-assembled units, enabling faster construction.
• Safety: Incorporate passive safety features like natural circulation for cooling and robust containment systems.
• Flexibility: Can be used for power generation, desalination, and district heating.
• Fuel Types: Use various fuels, including Uranium-235, Uranium-233, and Thorium.
• Lower Capital Costs: Reduced upfront costs due to smaller size and modularity.
• Faster Construction: Shorter build times compared to large reactors.

Benefits:

• Enhanced Safety: Passive safety systems reduce accident risks.
• Environmental: Low-carbon electricity, contributing to climate goals.
• Energy Access: Ideal for remote or off-grid areas.
• Economic Feasibility: Lower capital investment makes nuclear energy more accessible.
• Scalability: Additional units can be added as demand grows.

Challenges:

• Regulatory Approval: Nuclear regulatory processes can delay approval.
• Waste Management: Long-term disposal of nuclear waste remains a concern.
• Public Perception: Overcoming safety concerns to gain public acceptance.
• Economic Viability: Ensuring cost-effectiveness without heavy subsidies.

Types of Reactors:

• Large, Conventional Reactors: Up to 700+ MW (e).
• Small Modular Reactors: Up to 300 MW (e).
• Microreactors: Around 10 MW (e).

Significance of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):

Less Frequent Refuelling: 

• SMRs require refuelling only every 3-7 years, compared to conventional reactors which need refuelling every 1-2 years (according to IAEA). 
• This reduces operational downtime and enhances efficiency.

Prefabricated Units: 

• SMRs are designed as prefabricated units that can be manufactured, shipped, and installed on-site. 
• This modular approach reduces construction time and cost, and allows for easier deployment.

Improved Safety: 

• SMRs are designed to eliminate or significantly reduce the potential for unsafe releases of radioactivity to the environment, offering a safer alternative to traditional nuclear reactors by incorporating passive safety features and robust containment systems.

Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs)

• Technology Base: BSRs will be based on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), but will utilize India's Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology, differentiating them from conventional SMRs that are factory-built and easily assembled.
• Energy Contribution: BSRs are expected to enhance the contribution of nuclear energy to India’s energy mix, which currently stands at just 1.6%, by providing a scalable and sustainable source of energy.
• Purpose: The development of BSRs aims to increase India's nuclear energy capacity, supporting the country's energy security and environmental goals.