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Mains

Gas Hydrates: Structure, Classification, Distribution on Earth, and Significance

03-Jan-2026

Recently, the deepest gas hydrate–associated “cold seep” discovered so far has been recorded on the seafloor off western Greenland.

EU’s Carbon Border Tax: Climate Regulation or Trade Barrier for India?

03-Jan-2026

From January 1, the European Union has operationalised the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on selected carbon-intensive imports. The move is expected to significantly impact India’s exports of steel, aluminium, and other energy-intensive products, raising concerns over trade competitiveness and climate equity.

Land Acquisition Bottlenecks: The Hidden Drag on India’s Infrastructure Push

03-Jan-2026

Land acquisition has emerged as the single largest cause of delays in major infrastructure projects reviewed under the PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) mechanism, surpassing issues related to environment, forest clearances, and law-and-order concerns.

Rights of Nature in Action: Amazonian Stingless Bees Gain Legal Protection

03-Jan-2026

The Satipo Municipality in Peru has adopted the Declaration of Rights for Native Stingless Bees (Tribe Meliponini) through a municipal ordinance, granting legal rights to Amazonian stingless bees. This marks the world’s first legal recognition of insect rights, reinforcing biocultural conservation and rights-of-nature–based governance.

Indian Railways in 2025: New Frontiers, New Challenges

03-Jan-2026

The year 2025 marked a landmark phase for Indian Railways, as rail connectivity finally reached the Kashmir Valley and Aizawl (Mizoram), integrating India’s last major unconnected regions into the national rail network. Alongside historic infrastructure expansion, the Railways also grappled with safety challenges, crowd management issues, freight constraints, and financial stress, highlighting the dual narrative of achievement and challenge.

Bomb Cyclone: Explosive Winter Storms and Their Climatic Significance

03-Jan-2026

A powerful bomb cyclone recently swept across the northern United States, triggering severe winter weather across the Midwest and the East Coast. The storm led to intense snowfall, blizzards, strong winds, and widespread disruption, once again drawing attention to extreme mid-latitude weather systems.

India’s Tobacco Taxation Reforms: Aligning Public Health with Fiscal Strategy Prelims: (Economy + CA)

02-Jan-2026

India has notified a new taxation regime for tobacco and related sin goods, effective 1 February, following legislative changes approved by Parliament. The reform restructures GST slabs, excise duties, and cess mechanisms for tobacco products, marking a significant shift in India’s approach to public health-oriented taxation.

India's Risk-Free RCEP Strategy

02-Jan-2026

India's decision to stay out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2019 appeared risky to many experts at the time. However, six years later, India has effectively reaped most of the economic benefits associated with RCEP without formally becoming a member.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Strengthening Consumer Rights in the Digital Age

02-Jan-2026

The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 came into force on 20 July 2020, replacing the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The new law aims to empower consumers, strengthen grievance redressal mechanisms, and address emerging challenges such as e-commerce, misleading advertisements, and product liability, making consumer justice faster and more effective.

Aravalli Hills and Environmental Protection: Defining India’s Oldest Mountain Shield

02-Jan-2026

In December 2025, the Supreme Court of India kept its earlier November 2025 judgment on the definition of the Aravalli Hills in abeyance, citing serious environmental and regulatory concerns. The Court proposed a re-examination of the issue through a high-powered expert committee and imposed restrictions on mining and irreversible administrative actions in the Aravalli region until further review.

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